The PCA is obtained using Reich Lab’s Eigensoft SmartPCA together with its curated dataset, the Allen Ancient DNA Resource (currently v. 44.3 – Jan 20, 2021), but also including more recently published datasets. They correspond roughly to the samples which have ADMIXTURE values in the Ancient DNA Dataset. Some graphs are modified to illustrate the relation between populations and their movements. A detailed description of these ancestral populations and potential expansions with archaeological cultures associated with certain languages will be found in the books.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.PCA of Northern Eurasian populations
#UPDATED files (11 March 2021):
PLEASE NOTE: Symbols in the 3D Plots below display the border color of the corresponding samples that appear in the 2D Plots.
PCA general
PC1-PC2 of ancient Eurasian samples (PDF).
>
3D PC1-PC2-PC3 of ancient* Eurasian samples (HTML).
*Medieval and Early Modern samples in gray, like modern samples.
>>PC1-PC3 of ancient Eurasian samples (PDF).
>>>PC1-PC4 of ancient Eurasian samples (PDF).
>>>4D PC1-PC2-PC3-PC4** of ancient Eurasian samples (HTML).
**PC4 as color divided into 10 discrete levels. Those in the visible range, from greater to smaller values: red>orange>yellow>green>blue-green>cyan>blue>violet>purple>fuchsia.
PC1-PC2 of ancient and modern Eurasian samples (PDF).
>3D PC1-PC2-PC3 of ancient and modern Eurasian samples (HTML).
>>PC1-PC3 of ancient and modern Eurasian samples (PDF).
>>>PC1-PC4 of ancient and modern Eurasian samples (PDF).
PCA by period (individual)
PC1-PC2 of Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic samples (PDF).
>PC1-PC2 of Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic samples, labelled (PDF).
>>3D PC1-PC2-PC3 of Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic samples (HTML).
>>PC1-PC3 of Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic samples (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of Yamnaya and coeval samples (PDF).
>PC1-PC2 of Yamnaya and coeval samples, labelled (PDF).
>>3D PC1-PC2-PC3 of Yamnaya and coeval samples (HTML).
>>PC1-PC3 of Yamnaya and coeval samples, labelled (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of Corded Ware and coeval samples (PDF).
>PC1-PC2 of Corded Ware and coeval samples, labelled (PDF).
>>3D PC1-PC2-PC3 of Corded Ware and coeval samples (HTML).
>>PC1-PC3 of Corded Ware and coeval samples (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of Bell Beaker and coeval samples (PDF).
>PC1-PC2 of Bell Beaker and coeval samples samples, labelled (PDF).
>>3D PC1-PC2-PC3 of Bell Beaker and coeval samples (HTML).
>>PC1-PC3 of Bell Beaker and coeval samples (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of Steppe MLBA, South and East Asia BA samples (PDF).
>PC1-PC2 of Steppe MLBA, South and East Asia BA samples, labelled (PDF).
>>3D PC1-PC2-PC3 of Steppe MLBA, South and East Asia BA samples (HTML).
>>PC1-PC3 of Steppe MLBA, South and East Asia BA samples (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of European Bronze Age samples (PDF).
>PC1-PC2 of European Bronze Age samples, labelled (PDF).
>>3D PC1-PC2-PC3 of European Bronze Age samples (HTML).
>>PC1-PC3 of European Bronze Age samples (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of Iron Age samples (PDF).
>PC1-PC2 of Iron Age samples, labelled (PDF).
>>3D PC1-PC2-PC3 of Iron Age samples (HTML).
>>PC1-PC3 of Iron Age samples (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of medieval & Early Modern samples (PDF).
>PC1-PC2 of medieval & Early Modern samples, labelled (PDF).
>>3D PC1-PC2-PC3 of medieval & Early Modern samples (HTML).
>>PC1-PC3 of medieval & Early Modern samples (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of modern samples (PDF).
>PC1-PC2 of modern samples, with labels (PDF).
>>3D PC1-PC2-PC3 of modern samples (HTML).
>>PC1-PC3 of modern samples (PDF).
PCA by period (combinations)
PC1-PC2 of N & CA + Yamnaya samples (PDF).
>>PC1-PC3 of N & CA + Yamnaya samples (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of N & CA + Yamnaya + CWC samples (PDF).
>>PC1-PC3 of N & CA + Yamnaya + CWC samples (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of Yamnaya + BBC samples (PDF).
>>PC1-PC3 of Yamnaya + BBC samples (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of Yamnaya + CWC + BBC samples (PDF).
>>PC1-PC3 of Yamnaya + CWC + BBC samples (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of CWC + BBC + EEBA samples (PDF).
>>PC1-PC3 of CWC + BBC + EEBA samples (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of Steppe MLBA, SA, EA + EEBA + IA samples (PDF).
>>PC1-PC3 of Steppe MLBA, SA, EA + EEBA + IA samples (PDF).
PC1-PC2 of Steppe MLBA, SA, EA + EEBA + IA + MA & EM samples (PDF).
>>PC1-PC3 of Steppe MLBA, SA, EA + EEBA + IA + MA & EM samples (PDF).
2020 files:
PCA of ancient Eurasian samples (PDF).
PCA of ancient and modern Eurasian samples (PDF).
PCA 3D of ancient and modern Eurasian samples (HTML).
PCA of ancient samples from Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic (PDF).
PCA of Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic samples, labelled (PDF).
PCA of ancient samples including Yamnaya (PDF).
PCA of Yamnaya and coeval samples, labelled (PDF).
PCA of ancient samples including Corded Ware (PDF).
PCA of Corded Ware and coeval samples, labelled (PDF).
PCA of ancient samples including Bell Beakers (PDF).
PCA of Bell Beaker and coeval samples samples, labelled (PDF).
PCA of ancient samples including Steppe MLBA and South Asia (PDF).
PCA of Steppe MLBA and South Asia, labelled (PDF).
PCA of ancient samples including European Bronze Age (PDF).
PCA of European Bronze Age samples, labelled (PDF).
PCA of ancient samples including Iron Age and Middle Age samples (PDF).
PCA of Iron Age and Middle Age samples, labelled (PDF).
PCA of modern samples (PDF).
PCA of modern samples, with labels (PDF).
2019 files:
These are images from A Feat of Crowds, the fourth volume of the series A Song of Sheep and Horses. This fourth volume contains supplementary materials for the other main three volumes: the first two (A Game of Clans & A Clash of Chiefs), on prehistoric migrations associated with Eurasian languages; and the third one (A Song of Sheep and Horses), on Indo-Uralic languages.
PCA of ancient and modern Eurasian samples (PDF).
PCA of ancient and modern Eurasian samples, labelled (PDF).
PCA 3D of ancient and modern Eurasian samples (HTML).
PCA of ancient and modern European samples (PDF).
PCA of ancient and modern European samples, labelled (PDF).
PCA 3D of ancient and modern European samples (HTML).
NOTE. PC1 and PC2 have been inverted in European samples to fit the position of samples in the PCA of Eurasian individuals, which corresponds more naturally to the east–west and north–south distribution of populations.
